Hi Jeremy.
I had the same problem when I installed my Diamond Hotend. I would get display when running on the 5V micro USB but as soon as I run 12V I would have a blue screen. The problem I had was with one of my A4988 stepsticks. The little heatsink was shorting on some of the surface mount components. The double sided adhesive is smaller that the heatsink block and is vey easy ro short out. I discovered mine by only installing one stepstick on my Rumba board, and then powering on. If it worked I would switch off, remove the stepstick and the install the next one until you've gone through all of them.
Good luck.